This transformation reflected the new trend between state and rural society during the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi: the state continuously penetrated into the local society in order to seize revenues, while rural society achieved a certain degree of autonomy through the transformation of Green Crop Societies.

But from the middle of 19th century, Green Crop Societies gradually evolved into integrated autonomous organizations of villages which undertook all kinds of public affairs and had the capacity of levying corvee.

19世纪中期以降，以征派差徭为契机，青苗会逐渐演变为担负村庄各项公务且结构严密的村落自治组织。

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Crop residual straw mulching and green crop mulching in exposed field, or planting forages in the deteriorated grassland are the major measures to control sandstorm.

防御沙尘暴的主要措施是在裸露的农田上实行作物残茬覆盖，或种植作物实行绿色覆盖；

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The conclusions are that: There are causality between the net income of rural households and the proportion of industrial crop sown area or the total sown area or the purchasing price indices of farm product.

结果表明，与农民纯收入存在因果关系的因素主要有3个：经济作物播种面积占比、农作物总播种面积、农产品收购价格。

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Soybeans as being one of the major field crop, not only is it an important grain crop, but it also has been transformed into a considerable industrial crop.

大豆是重要的农产品，不仅是重要的粮食作物，同时已经转变成为更重要的经济作物。

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Oilseed rape ( Brassica napus) is an important industrial crop and a major oil crop. It plays important roles in national economy and agricultural production.

油菜（Brassica napus）是世界上主要的油料作物和重要的经济作物，在经济和农业生产中具有重要作用。

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Peanut is an important oil and industrial crop in Jiangxi, and also one of the main economic crops to develop greatly during the adjustment of planting structure.

花生是江西省重要的油料作物，也是种植业结构调整拟大力发展的食品工业原料作物。

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Tea is one of the most famous three traditional beverages, which is an important industrial crop in the world. People all over the world like it.

茶叶是世界三大传统饮料之一，深受各国人民的喜爱，是世界上重要的经济作物之一。

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At present, tobacco leaf is the important industrial crop, which is playing an important role of financial prop in national economy construction.

烟叶是重要的经济作物，目前在国民经济建设中起着重要作用。

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Safflower is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant as well as a new oil and industrial crop.

红花是传统的药用植物，也是新型的油用和工业用资源。

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Oil-bearing crop is one of the traditional staple agricultural products and the second planting industry which inferior to foodstuff of China.

油料作物是我国传统的大宗贸易农产品之一，是我国仅次于粮食的第二大种植产业。

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Apart from years where bad weather led to crop shortages, it has been a net exporter, shipping surplus output to Asia and Africa.

除了个别年份因恶劣天气导致农作物歉收外，中国始终是水稻净出口国，多余的水稻被运往亚洲和非洲。

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The new legislation expands programs that protect farmers from bad weather or low crop prices.

这项新的立法扩展保护农民不受坏天气和低粮价影响的项目。

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The degree of water deficit can reach 45%~ 50% of field capacity, which has no bad effect on crop yield and can increase crop water use efficiency obviously.

陕西长武和甘肃民勤小麦和棉花的试验结果表明，其水分亏缺程度可达到田间持水量的45%～50%，而对作物的产量没有不利影响，但可明显提高作物水分利用效率。

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Export taxes on cash crops have also been used to encourage the production of domestic food crops in order to attain self-sufficiency.

还使用经济作物征收出口税以鼓励国内粮食作物的生产，从而达到自给自足。

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The investment plans are, nonetheless, of a different nature from those of countries such as South Korea and Saudi Arabia, which are investing in farmland in order to export back the crops to feed their own population.

然而，这一投资计划的性质不同于韩国和沙特阿拉伯等国的举措。这些国家投资于农田，是为了将农产品再出口至本国市场，满足本国人口的需要。

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It was more profitable to export the crops.

出口农作物更为有利可图。

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The formation of planting industry of African export cash crops

非洲出口经济作物种植业的形成

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Export crops include coffee, palm products, tea, rubber, and cotton.

出口产品包括咖啡、棕榈、茶叶、橡胶和棉花。

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Brill says it goes back to the 1980s and 90s, when the United States, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund encouraged developing countries to import grain produced cheaply in the U.S. and elsewhere and to focus their farming on export crops.

布里尔说，这要从1980和1990年代说起。美国、世界银行和国际货币基金组织当时都鼓励发展中国家进口美国和其他国家的廉价小麦，本国农业只要集中耕种出口作物就行。

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The undisturbed soil of the saline-alkaline grassland had the characteristics of hard soil, poor permeability, weak preserving water capacity, and the inhibition for the growth of the grass and the crop, so the produced potentiality of the crop did not adequately play.

盐碱化草原的原状土土壤坚硬而密实，土壤通透性差，涵养水分能力弱，对牧草和作物的生长发育具有抑制作用，作物的产出潜能也不能得到充分发挥。

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